

Precolonial non-European societies had sports. The precolonial societies of what we call the Americas had sports. The precolonial societies of what we call Australia has sports.
It is useful to have the concept of a winner when you are trying to promote excellence of a capability that inheres in the individual. Running is a great example. There’s a reason why running has individual competitions and group competitions. The sinple foot race promotes excellence of an individual capability in all that participate, raising the level of the capability for the whole group while having an individual winner in any given competition. But the relay race has teams that win, not individuals because the problem being solved is a combination of individual excellence and excellence in communion.
Problem solving competitions are far better as team competitions than group competitions. There is a winning team, but no individualism. But, for problem solving competitions, even the losers can produce novel solutions that benefit everyone after the competition.
There are plenty of “games” that are fully cooperative and simply have a shared objective. Hunting big game is a classic problem, but the stakes are high so high that you need similar games/play to build up the skills. For this games you create a single shared objective and everyone is on the same team attempting to achieve it. Sometimes the single team is opposed to a single person or small group who are tasked with making the objective harder, as in a “find the mcguffin” style game where the elders hide the mcguffin. But sometimes games like this can ALSO be broken into teams for competition - orienteering competitions come to mind. Which team can hit the objective fastest? Similar to a relay race, while there are teams competing, they are not competing like on a football pitch.







The Western bourgeoisie are the inheritors of the unchecked great resentments, fears, and traumas of all of humanity. Patriarchy. Ownership. Paranoia. Empire. War. The West has developed these in an essentially unbroken process from the cradle of humanity. It is the pinnacle of our collective trauma as a species. Every other society that also had some or all of these was forced to confront their own inner demons when they met the Westerners. It is only th West who has not yet met the West.